Assignment 1
Psychology had to go through some problems when it was young because no one really knew what to do with it because It had no set rule to follow. Wilhelm Wundt started Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879. This was the first laboratory dedicated to psychology, because of this William is known as the father of Psychology. As psychology started to mature through its years. Psychology was split into major branches, functionalism and structuralism. Functionalism was focused on how and what each part of the brains does.
This website http://www.sciences360.com/index.php/the-origins-of-psychology-5-23467/ \
shows the origins of psychology and how it has matured in the science world.
The picture below shows what the two major branches of psychology.
Psychology had to go through some problems when it was young because no one really knew what to do with it because It had no set rule to follow. Wilhelm Wundt started Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879. This was the first laboratory dedicated to psychology, because of this William is known as the father of Psychology. As psychology started to mature through its years. Psychology was split into major branches, functionalism and structuralism. Functionalism was focused on how and what each part of the brains does.
This website http://www.sciences360.com/index.php/the-origins-of-psychology-5-23467/ \
shows the origins of psychology and how it has matured in the science world.
The picture below shows what the two major branches of psychology.
Assignment 2
Structuralism
The study of the elements of psychology, which was created by William Wundt. Structuralism has to do with the study of consciousness, this was created by Edward Titchener and his mentor William Wundt. This was thought of as the first school of psychology, because Titchener was a student of Williams in the college where he taught.
Functionalism
Focuses on the purpose of consciousness and thought. This was formed as a reaction to the structuralism. Functionalism was heavily influenced by William James, and the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. People that believed in this tried to explain the mental processes in more detailed manner. Functionalists focused on the reason of consciousness and behavior. Functionalism also emphasized individual differences, which had a profound impact on education.
Behaviorism
The study of observable behavior was founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. Behaviorism was official when they published Watson's classic paper "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" (1913).
The picture is of William Wundt
Resources
http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/structuralism.htm
Discusses structuralism and Functionalism
http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/behaviorism.htm
Discusses behaviorism
Structuralism
The study of the elements of psychology, which was created by William Wundt. Structuralism has to do with the study of consciousness, this was created by Edward Titchener and his mentor William Wundt. This was thought of as the first school of psychology, because Titchener was a student of Williams in the college where he taught.
Functionalism
Focuses on the purpose of consciousness and thought. This was formed as a reaction to the structuralism. Functionalism was heavily influenced by William James, and the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. People that believed in this tried to explain the mental processes in more detailed manner. Functionalists focused on the reason of consciousness and behavior. Functionalism also emphasized individual differences, which had a profound impact on education.
Behaviorism
The study of observable behavior was founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. Behaviorism was official when they published Watson's classic paper "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" (1913).
The picture is of William Wundt
Resources
http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/structuralism.htm
Discusses structuralism and Functionalism
http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/behaviorism.htm
Discusses behaviorism
Assignment 3
Some characteristics of a good theory should include any results from an experiment, that are either understandable or reasonable so then it can be tested once again, creates new knowledge, and is helpful with the future, and is internally consistent in which the parts fit together in a consistent way.
Artifacts
http://faculty.atu.edu/swomack/3023ch2/sld002.htm
http://www.tectonicsdrivenbyclimvariation.com/-the-characteristics-of-a-good-theory-hypothesis.html
http://www.soc.iastate.edu/class/202/powerpoint/soc202.pdf
Explains scientific research.
The picture shows how the scientific research works.
Some characteristics of a good theory should include any results from an experiment, that are either understandable or reasonable so then it can be tested once again, creates new knowledge, and is helpful with the future, and is internally consistent in which the parts fit together in a consistent way.
Artifacts
http://faculty.atu.edu/swomack/3023ch2/sld002.htm
http://www.tectonicsdrivenbyclimvariation.com/-the-characteristics-of-a-good-theory-hypothesis.html
http://www.soc.iastate.edu/class/202/powerpoint/soc202.pdf
Explains scientific research.
The picture shows how the scientific research works.
Assignment 4
A reliable observation should have the same or almost the same results after every time the experiment is conducted. In order for an observation to be valid the results should be accurately recorded. A good observation should be both reliable and valid. The data recorded are only important if they measure what they are supposed to which is validity and they should be accurate and consistent which is reliability. If an experiment is unreliable, it can cause errors when other people try to conduct the same experiment. The test and retest method is a good way to test if the experiment is reliable. Testing with correlation with the first and second scores is also a good way to test if the experiment is reliable. More errors in the data result in errors when the other researchers wish to conduct your experiment. The results from other researchers may not match the original researcher’s results and may be totally random. Researchers in psychology spend a lot of time trying to come up with questions and observations that are reliable.
In order for an observation to be valid, the measurement and research design must be true. All parts of the experiment should be thoroughly explained and/or demonstrated. Researchers need to be careful that they do not over explain or under explain a part of the research.
http://www.slideshare.net/edithosb/reliability-and-validity
slideshow on reliability and validity
Picture represents reliable information is like.
A reliable observation should have the same or almost the same results after every time the experiment is conducted. In order for an observation to be valid the results should be accurately recorded. A good observation should be both reliable and valid. The data recorded are only important if they measure what they are supposed to which is validity and they should be accurate and consistent which is reliability. If an experiment is unreliable, it can cause errors when other people try to conduct the same experiment. The test and retest method is a good way to test if the experiment is reliable. Testing with correlation with the first and second scores is also a good way to test if the experiment is reliable. More errors in the data result in errors when the other researchers wish to conduct your experiment. The results from other researchers may not match the original researcher’s results and may be totally random. Researchers in psychology spend a lot of time trying to come up with questions and observations that are reliable.
In order for an observation to be valid, the measurement and research design must be true. All parts of the experiment should be thoroughly explained and/or demonstrated. Researchers need to be careful that they do not over explain or under explain a part of the research.
http://www.slideshare.net/edithosb/reliability-and-validity
slideshow on reliability and validity
Picture represents reliable information is like.
Assignment 5
Experimental research is when the researcher manipulates one of the two variables. Which means that they researcher will change the value of the chosen variable. This variable is called the independent variable, this variable is what the researcher thinks is the cause. The other variable, is what the researcher thinks is the effect, this variable is then called the dependent variable. This deals with causation because if after a researcher manipulates one variable, the other variable should change, that way the researcher can know that once they manipulate one variable, the other should change.
Correlational research is when a researcher tests for relationships between two variables. If a researcher feels that their is a relationship between two variables they should run a few tests to see if they actually are related.The researcher should then state wether the relationship is either a D relationship or an R relationship, this can be shown by using a bar graph, computing, or scatterplot.
The difference between the two researches, is that experimental research is when the researcher chooses to change one of the variables. Correlation research is when the researcher does tests to see if their two variables are related.
http://psych.csufresno.edu/psy144/Content/Design/Types/experimental.html
California State University article on how to conduct an correlational and experimental research.
Picture show shows the degrees of correlation.
Experimental research is when the researcher manipulates one of the two variables. Which means that they researcher will change the value of the chosen variable. This variable is called the independent variable, this variable is what the researcher thinks is the cause. The other variable, is what the researcher thinks is the effect, this variable is then called the dependent variable. This deals with causation because if after a researcher manipulates one variable, the other variable should change, that way the researcher can know that once they manipulate one variable, the other should change.
Correlational research is when a researcher tests for relationships between two variables. If a researcher feels that their is a relationship between two variables they should run a few tests to see if they actually are related.The researcher should then state wether the relationship is either a D relationship or an R relationship, this can be shown by using a bar graph, computing, or scatterplot.
The difference between the two researches, is that experimental research is when the researcher chooses to change one of the variables. Correlation research is when the researcher does tests to see if their two variables are related.
http://psych.csufresno.edu/psy144/Content/Design/Types/experimental.html
California State University article on how to conduct an correlational and experimental research.
Picture show shows the degrees of correlation.
Assignment 6
A correlation is a statistical measurement of the relationship between two variables. Correlations range from +1 to -1. A positive correlation is shown by a +1, which means that both variables are moving in the same direction together. A negative correlation is shown by a -1, which means that one variable is going up while other one is going down. A zero correlation is shown by a 0, which means there is no relationship between the variables.
http://www.nvcc.edu/home/elanthier/methods/correlation.htm
Article that discusses positive and negative correlation.
http://psychology.about.com/od/researchmethods/ss/expdesintro_5.htm
Correlational research between variables
A correlation is a statistical measurement of the relationship between two variables. Correlations range from +1 to -1. A positive correlation is shown by a +1, which means that both variables are moving in the same direction together. A negative correlation is shown by a -1, which means that one variable is going up while other one is going down. A zero correlation is shown by a 0, which means there is no relationship between the variables.
http://www.nvcc.edu/home/elanthier/methods/correlation.htm
Article that discusses positive and negative correlation.
http://psychology.about.com/od/researchmethods/ss/expdesintro_5.htm
Correlational research between variables
Assignment 7
If I were to construct an experiment, I would test to see if noise effects concentration. The people I would do a test on would be the independent variable. The people I would test would be students trying to do a test in school. I would see if by bouncing a basketball right beside them would effect their concentration levels. I would bounce the basketball until they were done taking the test. I would record their grade on their test and I would ask them if they felt distracted. I would have another group of students take the same test but in a quiet room and I would record their grade on their test and I would also ask them if they felt distracted. The dependent variable in my study would be bouncing the basketball. Since I would have two classes taking a test, one with a lot of noise and one completely silent, I could see if students get distracted by noises.
http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_variables.shtml
A science article discussing what variables are and using examples.
http://www.cool-science-projects.com/independent-and-dependent-variables.html
Science Projects talks about the independent and dependent variables.
Picture shows a basketball because thats what my experiment would be about.
If I were to construct an experiment, I would test to see if noise effects concentration. The people I would do a test on would be the independent variable. The people I would test would be students trying to do a test in school. I would see if by bouncing a basketball right beside them would effect their concentration levels. I would bounce the basketball until they were done taking the test. I would record their grade on their test and I would ask them if they felt distracted. I would have another group of students take the same test but in a quiet room and I would record their grade on their test and I would also ask them if they felt distracted. The dependent variable in my study would be bouncing the basketball. Since I would have two classes taking a test, one with a lot of noise and one completely silent, I could see if students get distracted by noises.
http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_variables.shtml
A science article discussing what variables are and using examples.
http://www.cool-science-projects.com/independent-and-dependent-variables.html
Science Projects talks about the independent and dependent variables.
Picture shows a basketball because thats what my experiment would be about.
Assignment 8
Also known as a synaptic transmission. The neurons are there to transmit information with the nervous system. Neural transmine occurs when a neuron sends out an electrical impulse. The electrical impulse is stimulated by pressure, heat, light, or chemical information from other cells. For the transmission to be complete the neurons message must hit the receptor of another cell.
http://psychology.about.com/od/biopsychology/f/neuron01.htm
Structure/function of a neuron.
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/theneuron.html
Website about neurons.
Picture shows membrane potential.
Also known as a synaptic transmission. The neurons are there to transmit information with the nervous system. Neural transmine occurs when a neuron sends out an electrical impulse. The electrical impulse is stimulated by pressure, heat, light, or chemical information from other cells. For the transmission to be complete the neurons message must hit the receptor of another cell.
http://psychology.about.com/od/biopsychology/f/neuron01.htm
Structure/function of a neuron.
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/theneuron.html
Website about neurons.
Picture shows membrane potential.
Assignment 9
The nervous system is a very complex thing. It can be broken down into two main parts. The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central is the body's decision maker. All of the decisions it makes runs through the body through neurons. The peripheral nervous system on the other hand has two main components, somatic and autonomic. The autonomic controls involuntary movements, while the somatic controls conscience thoughts and movements.
http://www.pennmedicine.org/health_info/body_guide/reftext/html/nerv_sys_fin.html
website with a lot of information.
Picture shows the stages of nervous system.
The nervous system is a very complex thing. It can be broken down into two main parts. The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central is the body's decision maker. All of the decisions it makes runs through the body through neurons. The peripheral nervous system on the other hand has two main components, somatic and autonomic. The autonomic controls involuntary movements, while the somatic controls conscience thoughts and movements.
http://www.pennmedicine.org/health_info/body_guide/reftext/html/nerv_sys_fin.html
website with a lot of information.
Picture shows the stages of nervous system.
Assignment 10
Split-surgery is a way of getting rid of epileptic seizures. The surgery splits the brain in half at the corpus callosum, which is the main bond between the brain’s left and right hemispheres. After the surgery, the two halves no longer exchange information as efficiently. This can cause split-brain syndrome, which is a condition where the the separation of the hemispheres affects behavior. In a study done on patients with split-brain syndrome, the researchers figured out that the right hemisphere that controls the left hand and foot, acts independently from the left hemisphere. This is a major problem because the left hemisphere controls rational decision making. This can cause split personality. Split personality is when the left hemisphere gives orders to the person of their rational goals, but the right hemisphere will give other orders to the person of their hidden desires. With this disorder, many patients are able to continue with their lives, but their brain will give them two separate orders at the same time. In the first study, preformed by Michael Gazzaniga and Roger W. Sperry, they had a patient that tried to slap his wife with is left hand, but his right hand stopped the misbehaving left hand. Another time a patient had two fully functional learning centers in both halves of the brain, the researchers were able to ask both sides of the brain what the patient wanted to be when he grew up. When the right side of the brain was asked what he wanted to be, the boy responded, “an automobile racer.” They then asked the left side and he responded, “a draftsmen.” This study showed how different each side of the brain will act when they are split up. Although the surgery is helpful with epileptic seizures, it can also cause some major problems.
Artifactshttp://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-superhuman-mind/201211/split-brains
Discusses Split-brains.
Picture shows how the brain thinks when it has split brain.
Split-surgery is a way of getting rid of epileptic seizures. The surgery splits the brain in half at the corpus callosum, which is the main bond between the brain’s left and right hemispheres. After the surgery, the two halves no longer exchange information as efficiently. This can cause split-brain syndrome, which is a condition where the the separation of the hemispheres affects behavior. In a study done on patients with split-brain syndrome, the researchers figured out that the right hemisphere that controls the left hand and foot, acts independently from the left hemisphere. This is a major problem because the left hemisphere controls rational decision making. This can cause split personality. Split personality is when the left hemisphere gives orders to the person of their rational goals, but the right hemisphere will give other orders to the person of their hidden desires. With this disorder, many patients are able to continue with their lives, but their brain will give them two separate orders at the same time. In the first study, preformed by Michael Gazzaniga and Roger W. Sperry, they had a patient that tried to slap his wife with is left hand, but his right hand stopped the misbehaving left hand. Another time a patient had two fully functional learning centers in both halves of the brain, the researchers were able to ask both sides of the brain what the patient wanted to be when he grew up. When the right side of the brain was asked what he wanted to be, the boy responded, “an automobile racer.” They then asked the left side and he responded, “a draftsmen.” This study showed how different each side of the brain will act when they are split up. Although the surgery is helpful with epileptic seizures, it can also cause some major problems.
Artifactshttp://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-superhuman-mind/201211/split-brains
Discusses Split-brains.
Picture shows how the brain thinks when it has split brain.