Assignment 11
Conformity is an act of matching attitudes and beliefs to the groups "norm". Norms are untold rules, that are guides to the interactions with others. People don't think about these things they normally do it without even knowing just because they are used to it. There have been experiments that have been based off of this. The main one was the Sherif's experiment. In this experiment a person would be put into a dark room and asked to stare at a small dot of light 15 feet away. But the dot actually never moved, it was an illusion known as auto kinetic effect.
Obedience is a form of social influences, that a person yields to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure. Obedience is generally distinguished from compliance. There have also been experiments with obedience, the main one was the Milgram experiment. In this study Stanley Milgram created a highly controversial and often replicated study. This involved deception of the participants. That means that they would go through punishment and learning, but that wasn't the main focus of this. The main focus was that they wanted to see how they would list
Picture shows that everyone is matching because of the conformity.
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/conformity.html
Website describing conformity and obedience by Dr. C. George Boeree.
Conformity is an act of matching attitudes and beliefs to the groups "norm". Norms are untold rules, that are guides to the interactions with others. People don't think about these things they normally do it without even knowing just because they are used to it. There have been experiments that have been based off of this. The main one was the Sherif's experiment. In this experiment a person would be put into a dark room and asked to stare at a small dot of light 15 feet away. But the dot actually never moved, it was an illusion known as auto kinetic effect.
Obedience is a form of social influences, that a person yields to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure. Obedience is generally distinguished from compliance. There have also been experiments with obedience, the main one was the Milgram experiment. In this study Stanley Milgram created a highly controversial and often replicated study. This involved deception of the participants. That means that they would go through punishment and learning, but that wasn't the main focus of this. The main focus was that they wanted to see how they would list
Picture shows that everyone is matching because of the conformity.
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/conformity.html
Website describing conformity and obedience by Dr. C. George Boeree.
Assignment 12
Bystander apathy is more likely to happen when less people are around. The bystander effect is refers to when more people are around, the less likely people are to help someone who needs help. In emergencies, when less people are around, the more likely they are to take action and get help. The greatest factor of bystander apathy is the number of people present when a situation occurs. The other factor is when people feel the need to behave in certain socially and correct ways. When other people to not react to a situation, other people see this as a sign that they do not need to take action because they think that it is not needed. Moral development is needed to help with bystander apathy. Moral development is when people are able to understand how people should treat others. In order for other people to be able to try and take action in an emergency, they must feel the need to take action or help someone in need. Moral development is what makes people feel that way.
Bystander apathy can occur with moral development and when there is less people around.
http://psychology.about.com/od/socialpsychology/a/bystandereffect.html
Website that discusses the by stander effect
Bystander apathy is more likely to happen when less people are around. The bystander effect is refers to when more people are around, the less likely people are to help someone who needs help. In emergencies, when less people are around, the more likely they are to take action and get help. The greatest factor of bystander apathy is the number of people present when a situation occurs. The other factor is when people feel the need to behave in certain socially and correct ways. When other people to not react to a situation, other people see this as a sign that they do not need to take action because they think that it is not needed. Moral development is needed to help with bystander apathy. Moral development is when people are able to understand how people should treat others. In order for other people to be able to try and take action in an emergency, they must feel the need to take action or help someone in need. Moral development is what makes people feel that way.
Bystander apathy can occur with moral development and when there is less people around.
http://psychology.about.com/od/socialpsychology/a/bystandereffect.html
Website that discusses the by stander effect
Assignment 13
noun- the acquisition of knowledge or skills through experiences, practice, or studying, or by being taught. This is how everything gets their behaviors. Everyone and every other living thing is different because of how it learns.
Artifacts
https://www.cidde.pitt.edu/ta-handbook/teaching-and-learning-principles/definition-learning
Talks about learning
Picture shows a tree of behaviors.
noun- the acquisition of knowledge or skills through experiences, practice, or studying, or by being taught. This is how everything gets their behaviors. Everyone and every other living thing is different because of how it learns.
Artifacts
https://www.cidde.pitt.edu/ta-handbook/teaching-and-learning-principles/definition-learning
Talks about learning
Picture shows a tree of behaviors.
Assignment 14
To conduct classical conditioning, you need at least two types of stimulus and a good procedure to pair up the two stimuli. The basic elements will include the Unconditioned Stimulus. This is a stimulus that makes a reflexive response. The Unconditioned Response is the response to the Unconditioned Stimulus. The Neutral Stimulus, does not have a response to be conditioned. The Conditioned Stimulus is the stimulus that happens after is has gained the ability through conditioning to have a response. The Conditioned Stimulus is also a Neutral Stimulus. The Conditioned Response is the response that is conditioned to the Conditioned Stimulus.
Artifacts
http://users.ipfw.edu/abbott/120/classical1.html
Website about classical conditioning.
To conduct classical conditioning, you need at least two types of stimulus and a good procedure to pair up the two stimuli. The basic elements will include the Unconditioned Stimulus. This is a stimulus that makes a reflexive response. The Unconditioned Response is the response to the Unconditioned Stimulus. The Neutral Stimulus, does not have a response to be conditioned. The Conditioned Stimulus is the stimulus that happens after is has gained the ability through conditioning to have a response. The Conditioned Stimulus is also a Neutral Stimulus. The Conditioned Response is the response that is conditioned to the Conditioned Stimulus.
Artifacts
http://users.ipfw.edu/abbott/120/classical1.html
Website about classical conditioning.
Assignment 15
Stimulus generalization is when the conditioned stimulus has similar responses after the response has been conditioned. An example of this is if a person was conditioned to be scared of wolves, that person will also be scared of anything that is similar to a wolf, such as a husky.
Higher Order Conditioning is when a stimulus was neutral and then was paired up with a conditioned stimulus to make the same conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus.
Discrimination is the ability to tell the difference between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. An example of this is if a whistle was a conditioned stimulus, discrimination would be being able to tell the difference between a whistle and other sounds that sound the same as a whistle.
Extinction in classical conditioning is when a conditioned stimulus isn’t paired anymore with an unconditioned stimulus. An example of this can be similar to Pavlov’s experiment. If the smell of food, which is the unconditioned stimulus, was paired with the sound of a bell, which is the conditioned stimulus, would make the conditioned response of hunger. But, if the smell of food was no longer paired with the bell, the conditioned response of hunger would disappear.
http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcondbasics.htm
Website describing the above factors excluding higher order thinking
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Classical-Conditioning.topicArticleId-25438,articleI d-25345.html
Website discussing higher order thinking
Picture shows why the dog salivates when the bell rings.
Stimulus generalization is when the conditioned stimulus has similar responses after the response has been conditioned. An example of this is if a person was conditioned to be scared of wolves, that person will also be scared of anything that is similar to a wolf, such as a husky.
Higher Order Conditioning is when a stimulus was neutral and then was paired up with a conditioned stimulus to make the same conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus.
Discrimination is the ability to tell the difference between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. An example of this is if a whistle was a conditioned stimulus, discrimination would be being able to tell the difference between a whistle and other sounds that sound the same as a whistle.
Extinction in classical conditioning is when a conditioned stimulus isn’t paired anymore with an unconditioned stimulus. An example of this can be similar to Pavlov’s experiment. If the smell of food, which is the unconditioned stimulus, was paired with the sound of a bell, which is the conditioned stimulus, would make the conditioned response of hunger. But, if the smell of food was no longer paired with the bell, the conditioned response of hunger would disappear.
http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcondbasics.htm
Website describing the above factors excluding higher order thinking
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Classical-Conditioning.topicArticleId-25438,articleI d-25345.html
Website discussing higher order thinking
Picture shows why the dog salivates when the bell rings.
Assignment 16
For therapeutic purposes the most popular type of counterconditioning is systematic desensitization which is used to reduce or eliminate fear of objects, situations, or activities. Another type of counterconditioning is aversive conditioning. Aversive conditioning is when a certain behavior is paired with an unpleasant stimulus. Aversive conditioning has been used with helping people stop substance abuse. People who are alcoholics sometimes given an alcoholic drink that is mixed with a drug that makes the person feel nauseas. Which then weakens the positive feelings that person may feel which drinking.
http://psychology.jrank.org/pages/152/Counterconditioning.html
Website about aversive counterconditioning
For therapeutic purposes the most popular type of counterconditioning is systematic desensitization which is used to reduce or eliminate fear of objects, situations, or activities. Another type of counterconditioning is aversive conditioning. Aversive conditioning is when a certain behavior is paired with an unpleasant stimulus. Aversive conditioning has been used with helping people stop substance abuse. People who are alcoholics sometimes given an alcoholic drink that is mixed with a drug that makes the person feel nauseas. Which then weakens the positive feelings that person may feel which drinking.
http://psychology.jrank.org/pages/152/Counterconditioning.html
Website about aversive counterconditioning
Assignment 17
Instrumental conditioning uses reinforcement or punishment to either decrease or increase the chances of something happening again. Its like having a dog sit as a puppy. When you say sit and they end up sitting you reward them with a treat so they start thinking if i do this when that word is said i will get a treat. Another example is if you have guinea pigs that get lettuce for food whenever they hear a certain noise like the fridge open they think its time to eat i know this from experience.
Artifacts
http://www.camden.rutgers.edu/~bwhitlow/Courses/Experimental/ConditioningMethods/sld001.htm
A slide show by a professor.
Picture shows how a mouse can get use to doing something if it gets an award.
Instrumental conditioning uses reinforcement or punishment to either decrease or increase the chances of something happening again. Its like having a dog sit as a puppy. When you say sit and they end up sitting you reward them with a treat so they start thinking if i do this when that word is said i will get a treat. Another example is if you have guinea pigs that get lettuce for food whenever they hear a certain noise like the fridge open they think its time to eat i know this from experience.
Artifacts
http://www.camden.rutgers.edu/~bwhitlow/Courses/Experimental/ConditioningMethods/sld001.htm
A slide show by a professor.
Picture shows how a mouse can get use to doing something if it gets an award.
Assignment 18
Positive reinforcement is when a motivating/reinforcing stimulus is presented to a person after the desired behavior is shown, which makes that behavior more likely to happen later on.
Negative reinforcement is when a certain stimulus or an aversive stimulus is removed when a certain behavior is shown. That certain behavior then increases in likelihood to happen again later in the future because it gets rid of the negative consequence. Negative reinforcement should not be thought of as a punishment.
Positive punishment is when a negative response is presented after an undesired behavior is shown, which makes that behavior less likely to happen later on.
Negative punishment is when a desired stimulus is removed after an undesired trait is shown, which makes that behavior less likely to happen later on.
Schedules of reinforcement are the rules that are used to present or remove reinforcers following a certain behavior. Different schedules of reinforcement have distinctive effects on that certain behavior.
The interval schedule is when a minimum amount of time must pass between reinforced responses. Responses that are made before the time required are not reinforced. Fixed interval schedules make an accelerated rate of response as the time
of reinforcement is close. Variable interval schedules make a steady rate of response.
Ratio schedule requires a certain number or responses to make the next reinforcer. Fixed ratio schedules have a high rate of response until a reinforcer is given. Sometimes after the next reinforcer is given, there is usually a pause or break between the responses. Variable ratio schedules have a high and steady rate of response.
A discriminative stimulus influences the occurrence of a response because of the schedules of reinforcement. Many people say that discriminative stimuli provide information to an organism which makes that organism respond appropriately to different stimuli.
Shaping makes a behavior better by reinforcing behaviors that are desired.
http://bcotb.com/the-difference-between-positivenegative-reinforcement-and-positivenegative-punishment/
http://www2.psychology.uiowa.edu/faculty/wasserman/glossary/schedules.html
http://www2.psychology.uiowa.edu/faculty/wasserman/glossary/stimuli.html
http://www2.psychology.uiowa.edu/faculty/wasserman/glossary/Shaping.html
Dictionary
Picture shows that the rat would push a level for certain things.
Positive reinforcement is when a motivating/reinforcing stimulus is presented to a person after the desired behavior is shown, which makes that behavior more likely to happen later on.
Negative reinforcement is when a certain stimulus or an aversive stimulus is removed when a certain behavior is shown. That certain behavior then increases in likelihood to happen again later in the future because it gets rid of the negative consequence. Negative reinforcement should not be thought of as a punishment.
Positive punishment is when a negative response is presented after an undesired behavior is shown, which makes that behavior less likely to happen later on.
Negative punishment is when a desired stimulus is removed after an undesired trait is shown, which makes that behavior less likely to happen later on.
Schedules of reinforcement are the rules that are used to present or remove reinforcers following a certain behavior. Different schedules of reinforcement have distinctive effects on that certain behavior.
The interval schedule is when a minimum amount of time must pass between reinforced responses. Responses that are made before the time required are not reinforced. Fixed interval schedules make an accelerated rate of response as the time
of reinforcement is close. Variable interval schedules make a steady rate of response.
Ratio schedule requires a certain number or responses to make the next reinforcer. Fixed ratio schedules have a high rate of response until a reinforcer is given. Sometimes after the next reinforcer is given, there is usually a pause or break between the responses. Variable ratio schedules have a high and steady rate of response.
A discriminative stimulus influences the occurrence of a response because of the schedules of reinforcement. Many people say that discriminative stimuli provide information to an organism which makes that organism respond appropriately to different stimuli.
Shaping makes a behavior better by reinforcing behaviors that are desired.
http://bcotb.com/the-difference-between-positivenegative-reinforcement-and-positivenegative-punishment/
http://www2.psychology.uiowa.edu/faculty/wasserman/glossary/schedules.html
http://www2.psychology.uiowa.edu/faculty/wasserman/glossary/stimuli.html
http://www2.psychology.uiowa.edu/faculty/wasserman/glossary/Shaping.html
Dictionary
Picture shows that the rat would push a level for certain things.
Assignment 19
Instrumental Conditioning and behavior therapy
Instrumental conditioning in a therapeutic situation is known as behavior modification or behavior therapy. This has to do with the uses of reinforcement, modeling, shaping and many other types of techniques. All of the things i listed are to change someones behavior. If a person is reinforced (supported) for doing a certain activity it can help advance through the therapy faster than normal.
Compare and Contrast
Both of the techniques of conditioning are used to teach response. Classical is done by using a stimulus to get a new response. This is normally a natural reflex for the person. Instrumental uses a reward/punishment technique. This can be used to either decrease or increase the chances of a behavior happening again.
http://psychology.about.com/od/typesofpsychotherapy/a/behavioral-therapy.htm
Website describing instrumental conditioning
Picture shows how instrumental and classical conditioning works.
Instrumental Conditioning and behavior therapy
Instrumental conditioning in a therapeutic situation is known as behavior modification or behavior therapy. This has to do with the uses of reinforcement, modeling, shaping and many other types of techniques. All of the things i listed are to change someones behavior. If a person is reinforced (supported) for doing a certain activity it can help advance through the therapy faster than normal.
Compare and Contrast
Both of the techniques of conditioning are used to teach response. Classical is done by using a stimulus to get a new response. This is normally a natural reflex for the person. Instrumental uses a reward/punishment technique. This can be used to either decrease or increase the chances of a behavior happening again.
http://psychology.about.com/od/typesofpsychotherapy/a/behavioral-therapy.htm
Website describing instrumental conditioning
Picture shows how instrumental and classical conditioning works.
Assignment 20
Determinism is the theory that all human actions are not by free will but because of events that have happened previously. So once something happens there is nothing that you can do to stope the future events, everything is predetermined. By this skinner thinks that for every event that has ever happened there is a reason, that reason happened before this event happened.
Artifacts
http://instruct.westvalley.edu/lafave/FREE.HTML
Plenty of information about determinism
Picture shows a cartoon about people talking about determinism.
Determinism is the theory that all human actions are not by free will but because of events that have happened previously. So once something happens there is nothing that you can do to stope the future events, everything is predetermined. By this skinner thinks that for every event that has ever happened there is a reason, that reason happened before this event happened.
Artifacts
http://instruct.westvalley.edu/lafave/FREE.HTML
Plenty of information about determinism
Picture shows a cartoon about people talking about determinism.