Assignment 21 According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious mind houses feelings, thoughts, memories, and urges that are not part of the conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious mind are either unpleasant or unacceptable. Freud believed that the unconscious mind always influences behavior and experience even though our mind is unaware of these influences.
http://psychology.about.com/od/uindex/g/def_unconscious.htm
Website talks about the unconscious mind.
Picture shows Freud's concept of the unconscious.
http://psychology.about.com/od/uindex/g/def_unconscious.htm
Website talks about the unconscious mind.
Picture shows Freud's concept of the unconscious.
Assignment 22 Freud believes that the mind is best described into two parts, the conscious and the unconscious. The unconscious part of the mind holds the thoughts that people potentially could have and it dictates behavior without the conscious mind’s awareness. Theses are called the “unknown-knowns” which is the things we don’t know that we know. The ego represses conscious thoughts, things that are too disturbing to face are pushed out of awareness by the ego. The id is the source of drives including sex and death drives. The id also holds the repressions that the superego passes from conscious experiences. Ideologies and beliefs are in the superego. The superego restricts the unwieldy drives from the conscious mind. The ego is in charge of regulating the conscious mind’s rational decision making process, and coping with the environment.
Personality development according to Freud is that the life drive pushes personal progress. For harmony and balance within the nervous system makes the mind want to do things that are acceptable for society.
Defense mechanisms is developed by the ego to protect the mind and body from anxiety. Defense mechanisms are believed to protect the mind from feelings and thoughts that are too difficult for the conscious mind to cope with. Defense mechanisms are also thought to keep inappropriate or unwanted thoughts from going into the conscious mind.
Stages of development according to Freud is that early childhood experiences impact behavior later in life. From birth to age two, the infant’s desire is mainly focused around the mouth and lips because they want to receive nourishment from their mother. As time goes on, the infant’s drive centers around all forms of care that their mother provides. The sadistic-anal phase appears between the ages of two and four. The child is faced with natural urges and societal norms when faced with the need of elimination, which is the last stage of digestion. The child will feel embarrassed or will be embarrassed if they eliminate on themselves. Toilet training is important to Freudian psychologists because excessive punishment may lead to the child trying to not eliminate. This also affects behavior later in life and can cause miserliness and stubbornness. If the child is rewarded and supported through toilet training, creativity and productivity could appear later in that child’s life. Sex organs take place between ages four and seven. Ego influence and societal demands become more intense. Finally the last stage of Freud’s model of personality development is the genital stage. Now in puberty, that person is fully sexually developed and the sex drive manifests very strongly. Freud’s model did not go into adulthood because his model was focused around children.
http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/ss/defensemech.htm
Website describing the concept of defense
http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/ss/psychosexualdev.htm
Website describing the concept of development
Personality development according to Freud is that the life drive pushes personal progress. For harmony and balance within the nervous system makes the mind want to do things that are acceptable for society.
Defense mechanisms is developed by the ego to protect the mind and body from anxiety. Defense mechanisms are believed to protect the mind from feelings and thoughts that are too difficult for the conscious mind to cope with. Defense mechanisms are also thought to keep inappropriate or unwanted thoughts from going into the conscious mind.
Stages of development according to Freud is that early childhood experiences impact behavior later in life. From birth to age two, the infant’s desire is mainly focused around the mouth and lips because they want to receive nourishment from their mother. As time goes on, the infant’s drive centers around all forms of care that their mother provides. The sadistic-anal phase appears between the ages of two and four. The child is faced with natural urges and societal norms when faced with the need of elimination, which is the last stage of digestion. The child will feel embarrassed or will be embarrassed if they eliminate on themselves. Toilet training is important to Freudian psychologists because excessive punishment may lead to the child trying to not eliminate. This also affects behavior later in life and can cause miserliness and stubbornness. If the child is rewarded and supported through toilet training, creativity and productivity could appear later in that child’s life. Sex organs take place between ages four and seven. Ego influence and societal demands become more intense. Finally the last stage of Freud’s model of personality development is the genital stage. Now in puberty, that person is fully sexually developed and the sex drive manifests very strongly. Freud’s model did not go into adulthood because his model was focused around children.
http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/ss/defensemech.htm
Website describing the concept of defense
http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/ss/psychosexualdev.htm
Website describing the concept of development
Assignment 23
This theory was developed by Carl Rogers. He was a humanistic psychologist, many of his beliefs were the same as Abraham Maslow. But Carl added that for a person to grow they need and openness, self-disclosure, acceptance and empathy. Without these things relationships and a healthy personality would not develop like they should. But Carl believe that every person could achieve their goal and wishes in life, if they use self actualization.
http://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-rogers.html
Website describing Carl Rogers and his theories
This theory was developed by Carl Rogers. He was a humanistic psychologist, many of his beliefs were the same as Abraham Maslow. But Carl added that for a person to grow they need and openness, self-disclosure, acceptance and empathy. Without these things relationships and a healthy personality would not develop like they should. But Carl believe that every person could achieve their goal and wishes in life, if they use self actualization.
http://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-rogers.html
Website describing Carl Rogers and his theories
Assignment 24 Incongruence is when someone can tell the difference between self-concept and reality. Congruence is the accurate match between the self-concept and reality. Carl Rogers said that parents promote incongruence if they give their children conditional love. If a parent only shows love to a child if the child behaves in a certain way, the child will block out anything that they deem is unacceptable. If a parent shows unconditional love, the child could develop congruence. Adults whose parents gave them conditional love would distort their experiences in order to feel acceptable. Rogers believed that when their self-concepts are threatened, people will start to experience anxiety. To protect themselves from anxiety, people will change/distort their experiences so that they can keep ahold of their self-concept. People who have a high degree of incongruence are likely to experience a lot of anxiety because their reality keeps threatening their self-concepts.
http://www.sparknotes.com/psychology/psych101/personality/section4.rhtml
http://www.sparknotes.com/psychology/psych101/personality/section4.rhtml
Assignment 25
Free association is when a client is asked to share their thoughts or anything else that pops into their mind no matter how random the thoughts are.
Therapeutic Neutrality is when a therapist will be neutral on terms of marl issues. They will not put in their person beliefs or choice into the client’s health care decision. They will base their decision solely on what will be best for the patient in terms of health and getting better, not what the therapist thinks should happen.
Interpretation is when a therapist will offer a meaning of a patient’s diagnosis and will help them understand things that they have questions about.
Transference can mean three things. Therapists could say that transference defines the relationship between a therapist and a client. The second definition could mean that it is the redirection of feelings or desires that a person gets during childhood. The third definition is that transference only refers to loving feelings. The definition of transference is difficult because many people have different definitions of the word.
http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?&id=39620&w=436&cn=145
http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-therapy/201206/clients-guide-transference
Free association is when a client is asked to share their thoughts or anything else that pops into their mind no matter how random the thoughts are.
Therapeutic Neutrality is when a therapist will be neutral on terms of marl issues. They will not put in their person beliefs or choice into the client’s health care decision. They will base their decision solely on what will be best for the patient in terms of health and getting better, not what the therapist thinks should happen.
Interpretation is when a therapist will offer a meaning of a patient’s diagnosis and will help them understand things that they have questions about.
Transference can mean three things. Therapists could say that transference defines the relationship between a therapist and a client. The second definition could mean that it is the redirection of feelings or desires that a person gets during childhood. The third definition is that transference only refers to loving feelings. The definition of transference is difficult because many people have different definitions of the word.
http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?&id=39620&w=436&cn=145
http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-therapy/201206/clients-guide-transference
Assignment 26
Directive therapy is when the therapist is in charge of the session and asks the person questions and basically leads the session. Non-directive therapy sessions is when the person will control the session and will talk about what they would like to talk about rather than the therapist leading the session. Carl Rogers developed the non-directive or client centered therapy. In Rogers’ therapy sessions, he would let the client lead the session. In this type of therapy, a therapist doesn’t try to figure out what is wrong with the patient or try to evaluate them. Non-directive therapy deals a lot with self healing, they will talk about whatever they are comfortable with and they can find their own answers. A non-directive therapist will listen and try to understand how the client is feeling and they will treat the client with respect.
http://world.std.com/~mbr2/cct.html
Directive therapy is when the therapist is in charge of the session and asks the person questions and basically leads the session. Non-directive therapy sessions is when the person will control the session and will talk about what they would like to talk about rather than the therapist leading the session. Carl Rogers developed the non-directive or client centered therapy. In Rogers’ therapy sessions, he would let the client lead the session. In this type of therapy, a therapist doesn’t try to figure out what is wrong with the patient or try to evaluate them. Non-directive therapy deals a lot with self healing, they will talk about whatever they are comfortable with and they can find their own answers. A non-directive therapist will listen and try to understand how the client is feeling and they will treat the client with respect.
http://world.std.com/~mbr2/cct.html
Assignment 27
A client-centered therapist will listen and try to understand the client’s feelings, they will check how the client is doing if the client feels unsure, they will treat the client with respect and regard, and they will be “transparent” which means that they will have no boundaries between themselves and the client. The therapist knows themselves and is willing to be known. They will be laid back and will listen to what their client has to say, they will be trustworthy and reliable.
http://world.std.com/~mbr2/cct.html
A client-centered therapist will listen and try to understand the client’s feelings, they will check how the client is doing if the client feels unsure, they will treat the client with respect and regard, and they will be “transparent” which means that they will have no boundaries between themselves and the client. The therapist knows themselves and is willing to be known. They will be laid back and will listen to what their client has to say, they will be trustworthy and reliable.
http://world.std.com/~mbr2/cct.html
Assignment 28
The psychological theories of abnormal behavior are psychic determinism where random sequences of thoughts are not exactly random and they are guided. Unconscious motivation is another theory behind abnormal behavior because it lets humans have desires without them knowing. The mind is also always having conflicts between the Id which holds the unconscious wishes, the ego which copes and uses defense mechanisms, and the superego which is the conscious. Instinctual drives and defenses could also be part of abnormal behavior. Symptoms of abnormal behavior usually form when threatening wishes are too strong and/or defense mechanisms are too weak.
Definitional reasons why abnormal behaviors occur are statistical deviation which means the defining characteristic of a person is abnormal, intelligence also falls under this category because learning disabilities would be considered abnormal. Another reason would be social norm violation which means that the person would have broken social “rules” and would be seen as abnormal. Maladaptive behavior is another reason which means the person would not be able to reach their own goals and/or they are maladaptive to society. Personal distress would be considered abnormal along with deviation from an ideal which means when a person falls short of an ideal, it could be because of a mental illness. A mental disorder could also cause abnormalities, abnormal behavior is a symptom of a physical disorder. There is not just one definition that best suites why abnormalities occur.
http://ccvillage.buffalo.edu/Abpsy/lecture1.html
http://sparkcharts.sparknotes.com/psychology/abnormalpsychology/section2.php
The psychological theories of abnormal behavior are psychic determinism where random sequences of thoughts are not exactly random and they are guided. Unconscious motivation is another theory behind abnormal behavior because it lets humans have desires without them knowing. The mind is also always having conflicts between the Id which holds the unconscious wishes, the ego which copes and uses defense mechanisms, and the superego which is the conscious. Instinctual drives and defenses could also be part of abnormal behavior. Symptoms of abnormal behavior usually form when threatening wishes are too strong and/or defense mechanisms are too weak.
Definitional reasons why abnormal behaviors occur are statistical deviation which means the defining characteristic of a person is abnormal, intelligence also falls under this category because learning disabilities would be considered abnormal. Another reason would be social norm violation which means that the person would have broken social “rules” and would be seen as abnormal. Maladaptive behavior is another reason which means the person would not be able to reach their own goals and/or they are maladaptive to society. Personal distress would be considered abnormal along with deviation from an ideal which means when a person falls short of an ideal, it could be because of a mental illness. A mental disorder could also cause abnormalities, abnormal behavior is a symptom of a physical disorder. There is not just one definition that best suites why abnormalities occur.
http://ccvillage.buffalo.edu/Abpsy/lecture1.html
http://sparkcharts.sparknotes.com/psychology/abnormalpsychology/section2.php
Assignment 29Achievement or aptitude tests measure people’s knowledge of a specific area. These tests are usually given out by schools. These tests usually have to deal with language and mathematics.
Diagnostic psychological evaluations are done by psychologists to decide if a person shows any signs of specific psychological diagnosis. These tests are used to decide if a person’s behavior is due to psychological conditions.
Intelligence tests measure people’s potential to learn rather than see what the person already knows. These tests have been criticized as being culturally biased, which is why schools will not give out these tests.
Neuropsychological tests are used to measure difficulties with cognitive functioning. Difficulties may include a person’s ability to think, speak, and reason. These difficulties can be because of substance abuse, stroke, or brain damage.
Occupational tests are used to match a person’s interests with certain careers.
Personality tests are used to help psychologists diagnose certain personality traits.
http://www.supreme.state.az.us/fcrb/assessprint.htm
Diagnostic psychological evaluations are done by psychologists to decide if a person shows any signs of specific psychological diagnosis. These tests are used to decide if a person’s behavior is due to psychological conditions.
Intelligence tests measure people’s potential to learn rather than see what the person already knows. These tests have been criticized as being culturally biased, which is why schools will not give out these tests.
Neuropsychological tests are used to measure difficulties with cognitive functioning. Difficulties may include a person’s ability to think, speak, and reason. These difficulties can be because of substance abuse, stroke, or brain damage.
Occupational tests are used to match a person’s interests with certain careers.
Personality tests are used to help psychologists diagnose certain personality traits.
http://www.supreme.state.az.us/fcrb/assessprint.htm
Assignment 30
Phobic Disorders: Causes: Causes of Phobic Disorders are usually caused by a bad experience that had happened to someone.
Phobic Disorders: Symptoms: Overwhelming anxiety when the person encounters what they have a phobia of and unable to control feelings. The overwhelming anxiety can also cause other things to happen such as shaking, sweating, upset stomach, vomiting, and accelerated heart beat are just a few things that can happen.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Causes: People can be diagnosed with GAD due to someone in their family has it (genetics), environmental factors, and brain chemical abnormalities. Environmental factors can be stressful events, such as withdrawal from addictive substances, abuse, neglect, or even someone's job can cause this anxiety disorder to appear. Brain chemical abnormalities is when the brain functioning abnormally in the nerve pathways that connect to certain parts of the brain. The reason these nerves can behave abnormally is due to chemicals called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters connect each nerve to one another, when they start to not work they way they should, mood swings or anxiety begin to appear.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Symptoms: Worrying is the most common symptom. This disorder is a more complex anxiety disorder that focuses on worrying. People with this disorder can start to worry so much that it interrupts their daily lives and they are not able to carry out daily activities.
Panic Disorders: Causes: Genetics, addictive substances, major stress, and abnormalities in the brain.
Panic Disorders: Symptoms: Shaking, feeling as if you're choking or about to die, accelerated heart rate, chest pain, sweating, nausea, or a stomach ache.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Causes: Serotonin is a type of neurotransmitters can sometimes have low levels which researchers have found that it is linked to OCD. An infection called Streptococcus, if not treated can also cause OCD. OCD can also be caused by environmental factors such as abuse, illness, work problems, and relationship problems.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Symptoms: Symptoms can vary from person to person. People can have OCD because they have a fear of germs or contamination, causing harm to someone, need for exactness or perfection, and having a fear of being embarrassed.
Somatoform Disorder: Causes: Only sort of cause found has been related to stress.
Somatoform Disorder: Symptoms: Feeling of Chronic pain that can last up to several months, and it limits your ability to work and do other activities.
Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Amnesia is characterized by blocking out of critical personal information. But unlike other types of Amnesia this one does not come from some type of medical trauma.
Dissociative Fugue: Is a rare disorder. A person with this suddenly and unexpectedly takes physical leave of his or her surroundings and goes on a journey of some kind. These "journeys" can last for a few hours or even months. The person doing this doesn't know what is going on and they are often very confused, they can go thousands of miles and not even know their own name, in this case they make up a new identity.
Dissociative Identity Disorder: This is when a person has multiple personalities.
Depersonalization Disorder: Feelings of detachment or distance from one's own body. These are relatable in feeling of having a dream, or just being spaced out.
Resources
http://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/guide/obsessive-compulsive-disorder
http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/somatoform-disorders-symptoms-types-treatment
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000922.htm
http://nami.org/content/contentgroups/helpline1/dissociative_disorders.htm
Phobic Disorders: Causes: Causes of Phobic Disorders are usually caused by a bad experience that had happened to someone.
Phobic Disorders: Symptoms: Overwhelming anxiety when the person encounters what they have a phobia of and unable to control feelings. The overwhelming anxiety can also cause other things to happen such as shaking, sweating, upset stomach, vomiting, and accelerated heart beat are just a few things that can happen.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Causes: People can be diagnosed with GAD due to someone in their family has it (genetics), environmental factors, and brain chemical abnormalities. Environmental factors can be stressful events, such as withdrawal from addictive substances, abuse, neglect, or even someone's job can cause this anxiety disorder to appear. Brain chemical abnormalities is when the brain functioning abnormally in the nerve pathways that connect to certain parts of the brain. The reason these nerves can behave abnormally is due to chemicals called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters connect each nerve to one another, when they start to not work they way they should, mood swings or anxiety begin to appear.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Symptoms: Worrying is the most common symptom. This disorder is a more complex anxiety disorder that focuses on worrying. People with this disorder can start to worry so much that it interrupts their daily lives and they are not able to carry out daily activities.
Panic Disorders: Causes: Genetics, addictive substances, major stress, and abnormalities in the brain.
Panic Disorders: Symptoms: Shaking, feeling as if you're choking or about to die, accelerated heart rate, chest pain, sweating, nausea, or a stomach ache.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Causes: Serotonin is a type of neurotransmitters can sometimes have low levels which researchers have found that it is linked to OCD. An infection called Streptococcus, if not treated can also cause OCD. OCD can also be caused by environmental factors such as abuse, illness, work problems, and relationship problems.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Symptoms: Symptoms can vary from person to person. People can have OCD because they have a fear of germs or contamination, causing harm to someone, need for exactness or perfection, and having a fear of being embarrassed.
Somatoform Disorder: Causes: Only sort of cause found has been related to stress.
Somatoform Disorder: Symptoms: Feeling of Chronic pain that can last up to several months, and it limits your ability to work and do other activities.
Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Amnesia is characterized by blocking out of critical personal information. But unlike other types of Amnesia this one does not come from some type of medical trauma.
Dissociative Fugue: Is a rare disorder. A person with this suddenly and unexpectedly takes physical leave of his or her surroundings and goes on a journey of some kind. These "journeys" can last for a few hours or even months. The person doing this doesn't know what is going on and they are often very confused, they can go thousands of miles and not even know their own name, in this case they make up a new identity.
Dissociative Identity Disorder: This is when a person has multiple personalities.
Depersonalization Disorder: Feelings of detachment or distance from one's own body. These are relatable in feeling of having a dream, or just being spaced out.
Resources
http://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/guide/obsessive-compulsive-disorder
http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/somatoform-disorders-symptoms-types-treatment
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000922.htm
http://nami.org/content/contentgroups/helpline1/dissociative_disorders.htm